Ant protection of extrafloral nectar (EFN)-secreting plants is a common form of mutualism found in most habitats around the world. However, very few studies have considered these mutualisms from the ...

Pseudomyrmex spinicola ants feeding on nectar produced from extrafloral nectaries, located at the base of the leaves of swollen-thorn acacias (Vachellia collinsii). In this obligate mutualistic ...

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 99, No. 8 (Apr. 16, 2002), pp. 5498-5502 (5 pages) Evolutionary key innovations give organisms access to new ...

In the wide world of tropical flora, insects often take up the mantle of protecting the plants that shelter them, each mutually satisfied in a happy marriage of nature’s making. This is particularly ...

I was a big fan of the series by James Burke, a science historian, called Connections, which described mutualism in the dance between scientific achievements and history, how they interconnect and ...

Gaku Kudo of Hokkaido University and Elisabeth J. Cooper of the Arctic University of Norway have demonstrated that early snowmelt results in the spring ephemeral Corydalis ambigua flowering ahead of ...

Early snowmelt increases the risk of phenological mismatch, in which the flowering of periodic plants and pollinators fall out of sync, compromising seed production. Gaku Kudo of Hokkaido University ...