Human skin harbors a wide range of microorganisms, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses. In fact, recent estimates indicate that over 10 11 microbial cells could be present on skin surfaces.

In vitro skin irritation testing has emerged as a critical component in the safety evaluation of chemicals and medical devices, aiming to replace traditional animal-based assays. Central to this ...

A new consensus by a team of experts in China has been established to guide researchers in evaluating the percutaneous absorption of cosmetic functional ingredients using in vitro diffusion cell ...

Roughly one quarter of Europe’s population suffers from chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, or acne. Developing new therapies for these conditions is often difficult. Animal ...